The meaning of alternative tourism
A paper analyzes the development of alternative tourism as Gonsalves (1987) the concept originated as a series of international workshop in Manila in 1980, the concept, but noted that the aim of public tourism became the World Council Churches in 1969 in 1984 in Chiang Mai, Thailand, the 44 participants of the ecumenical Coalition on third World tourism (of ECTWT) agreed that it was seen as a process that promotes a fair way to travel between members of different communities. This is to achieve mutual understanding, solidarity and equality between participants.
The ECTWT produced a reference work on alternative models of tourism and promoted programs. These models include:
• A brief contact with the local population,
• longer visits with host families and the community, and a glimpse of local life
• trade options learning (excursions, labor camps, exchange visits)
• organizations or community groups in different countries third world tourism, and
• Officers alternative tourism travel host and sending nations seek to share rather than visitors to shield the culture of the destination and
problems.
Gonsalves (1987) believes that the ultimate test of these solutions in their ability to influence mass tourism. He cites an encouraging sign, the adoption of the Tourism Charter and the Code of Tourism of the World Tourism Organization in 1985 in response to the code of ethics of Penang. He concludes that "travel through history, has been a means of education, intercultural communication and the development of meaningful relationships. Alternative Tourism believes that these objectives remain valid and works for these purposes. "He ended on an optimistic note, and was positive about the course and intentions of alternative tourism, a position that has more recently been critical skepticism by other writers. To Cohen (1987), alternative tourism is not even a single general concept, but consists of two main concepts. First seen as a reaction to the modern consumer's response-culture against mass tourism, made by people Adventurer, wanderer, traveler, or those looking for spontaneity or romantic looking for a paradise lost. It suggests that this type from time to time to create their own cultural sites related to drugs and sex, the treatment of the local population as curiosities, and launch a decline of the culture of the hospitality of the community of welcome.
It is also the nascent creation of an "establishment" alternative tourism which leads to a greater reduction in the difference between alternative and mass tourism. Second, it is considered a "question of alternative tourism" which is essentially a reaction to the exploitation of the third world where the notion of "just" tourism emerges, fostering mutual understanding and preventing the degradation and exploitation of environmental or cultural. In a small tour groups to interact with the local population, and small projects that involve local participation and consultation are the main means of promotion. Cohen believes that the main dilemma is the fact that mass tourism can not be transformed, while the alternative tourism is too small a scale to provide a comprehensive and realistic option. This leads to the conclusion that tourism is extremely varied and multifaceted and critical mass tourism is too radical, while the objectives of alternative tourism are too high and therefore unrealistic. Cohen's analysis ultimately pragmatic, emphasizing the need to reform the worst situation of mass tourism. In short, he strongly criticized the assumption that alternative tourism ultimately can lead to a transformation of tourism and is wary of the benefits it brings. He offered a good working definition, to draw attention to two central aspects and added a healthy air of judgment.
Cazes (1989) was well aware of the ambiguity of the term "alternative tourism" and compared it to the concept of "integrated" which was described as a "miracle word, a panacea and mythical notion of a term." But finally provides guidelines that can be applied to six different sectoral areas: 1. The tourist as a person motivated by the initial aspiration, which may include active recreation (hiking, trekking), exploration, game travel engagement (voluntary service abroad, archaeological excavations) tourism, and other selfless work. 2. Professional: they do not want to be seen as clients or consumers, especially backpackers, vagabonds, long distance travelers; Overall, it is a diverse group. 3. Destination Travel: this may be an unexplored website "virgin" and is often based on an idealized vision of rural societies representing cultures "authentic". 4. The type of accommodation: "complementary" including camping, small venues, resorts, guest houses in the village, leased, paying family hotels clients private homes; The dominant theme is microfacilities unlike larger hotels. 5. travel organizers and partners: particularly nonprofit organizations (NGOs, mutual aid societies), individual travel organizations; marginal or underground. 6. The process of integration into the host community: this is a concerted effort to develop the tourist effort in which the speech centers (economic, social, spatial, ecological urban) integration, control local, and self-development. A key factor is the importance of the local system in tourism surveys.
After a critical analysis of sectoral areas Cazes happened to deconstruct the concept of mass tourism, seeing it as a myth that is "other" or "anti-other," a place of potential harm. Thus, alternative tourism is actually a discourse on the difference and is fundamentally elitist, in fact, it is a total subversion of the dominant models in three levels.:
1. Values: suction motivations and requirements for travel.
2. Process: the quality of collaboration and partnership, cooperation and synergy between the performance of the local and external system in the different phases of the phenomenon.
3. Shapes: social forms, spatial, environmental and architectural guidelines are faithful to the integration based on the principles of traditional patterns of the region and the work.
Cazes, there is no perfect example of a perfect alternative tourism as described above, although the development of the Lower Casamance in Senegal is about. Furthermore, admits there are dangers to idealize the concept and points to the risk of ghettoization of "zones and locations" museumification "interest based on an elitist interpretation. A simple definition is proposed by Hitchcock, King and Parnwell (1993) in the introduction to his book published, suggesting that, in its purest form of alternative tourism is based on several principles:
• Must be built on dialogue with local people to be aware of its effects and have political influence on the issue.
• It must be set to sound environmental principles, sensitive to local culture and religious tradition.
• Must be a way to give the poor a fair and equitable benefit sharing.
• Scale of tourism must be adapted to the capacity of the treatment area, measured in aesthetic and ecological terms.
The authors also noted that alternative tourism can be used to strengthen the links between the tourism industry and other forms of local economic activity. They recognized that their promotion has led to the questioning of the effects of tourism on the destinations and the fact that the niche market is operating, warning of the possibility of developing green consumption. However, they were essentially optimistic, citing the case of ecotourism that can support the protection of vulnerable areas of natural beauty and scientific interest and to stimulate environmental awareness of the local population. Still on the theme of environmental and social awareness, in an article on tourism and sustainable development, Murphy (1994), using the proposed Krippendorf (1987) definition see other tourists as "those who seek to establish greater contact with the local population, try to do without tourism infrastructure and the use of these facilities and transportation and natives. he then define ecotourism (a subset of alternative tourism) as occurring when the visitor contributes to the development and protection of the ecology of the host. These tourists are considered champions of the environment and sustainable development, and Costa Rica is cited as a country where the principles support ecotourism philosophy of sustainable development. it follows from the definitions and illustrations of alternative tourism above, this concept is not easily contained within controlled parameters, and elsewhere, may be considered too large for be used with precision. In addition, in order Cazes, its antithesis, mass tourism is not sufficiently well understood for an alternative that is in fact valid. However, it is possible to recover the key aspects of the concept of the various authors, and these include the contact and communication between tourists and indigenous people, and a desire for equality, individuality, environmental awareness and concern. However, there is also a background of caution, some authors believe there is an element of elitism in this type of tourism, while others see it as being exploited as a commodity. Keep in mind the need to be cautious and skeptical imagine its impact. In addition, tourism is growing and the need for environmental responsibility, so that the need for an objective and comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon and its influence becomes more imperative.
A paper analyzes the development of alternative tourism as Gonsalves (1987) the concept originated as a series of international workshop in Manila in 1980, the concept, but noted that the aim of public tourism became the World Council Churches in 1969 in 1984 in Chiang Mai, Thailand, the 44 participants of the ecumenical Coalition on third World tourism (of ECTWT) agreed that it was seen as a process that promotes a fair way to travel between members of different communities. This is to achieve mutual understanding, solidarity and equality between participants.
The ECTWT produced a reference work on alternative models of tourism and promoted programs. These models include:
• A brief contact with the local population,
• longer visits with host families and the community, and a glimpse of local life
• trade options learning (excursions, labor camps, exchange visits)
• organizations or community groups in different countries third world tourism, and
• Officers alternative tourism travel host and sending nations seek to share rather than visitors to shield the culture of the destination and
problems.
Gonsalves (1987) believes that the ultimate test of these solutions in their ability to influence mass tourism. He cites an encouraging sign, the adoption of the Tourism Charter and the Code of Tourism of the World Tourism Organization in 1985 in response to the code of ethics of Penang. He concludes that "travel through history, has been a means of education, intercultural communication and the development of meaningful relationships. Alternative Tourism believes that these objectives remain valid and works for these purposes. "He ended on an optimistic note, and was positive about the course and intentions of alternative tourism, a position that has more recently been critical skepticism by other writers. To Cohen (1987), alternative tourism is not even a single general concept, but consists of two main concepts. First seen as a reaction to the modern consumer's response-culture against mass tourism, made by people Adventurer, wanderer, traveler, or those looking for spontaneity or romantic looking for a paradise lost. It suggests that this type from time to time to create their own cultural sites related to drugs and sex, the treatment of the local population as curiosities, and launch a decline of the culture of the hospitality of the community of welcome.
It is also the nascent creation of an "establishment" alternative tourism which leads to a greater reduction in the difference between alternative and mass tourism. Second, it is considered a "question of alternative tourism" which is essentially a reaction to the exploitation of the third world where the notion of "just" tourism emerges, fostering mutual understanding and preventing the degradation and exploitation of environmental or cultural. In a small tour groups to interact with the local population, and small projects that involve local participation and consultation are the main means of promotion. Cohen believes that the main dilemma is the fact that mass tourism can not be transformed, while the alternative tourism is too small a scale to provide a comprehensive and realistic option. This leads to the conclusion that tourism is extremely varied and multifaceted and critical mass tourism is too radical, while the objectives of alternative tourism are too high and therefore unrealistic. Cohen's analysis ultimately pragmatic, emphasizing the need to reform the worst situation of mass tourism. In short, he strongly criticized the assumption that alternative tourism ultimately can lead to a transformation of tourism and is wary of the benefits it brings. He offered a good working definition, to draw attention to two central aspects and added a healthy air of judgment.
Cazes (1989) was well aware of the ambiguity of the term "alternative tourism" and compared it to the concept of "integrated" which was described as a "miracle word, a panacea and mythical notion of a term." But finally provides guidelines that can be applied to six different sectoral areas: 1. The tourist as a person motivated by the initial aspiration, which may include active recreation (hiking, trekking), exploration, game travel engagement (voluntary service abroad, archaeological excavations) tourism, and other selfless work. 2. Professional: they do not want to be seen as clients or consumers, especially backpackers, vagabonds, long distance travelers; Overall, it is a diverse group. 3. Destination Travel: this may be an unexplored website "virgin" and is often based on an idealized vision of rural societies representing cultures "authentic". 4. The type of accommodation: "complementary" including camping, small venues, resorts, guest houses in the village, leased, paying family hotels clients private homes; The dominant theme is microfacilities unlike larger hotels. 5. travel organizers and partners: particularly nonprofit organizations (NGOs, mutual aid societies), individual travel organizations; marginal or underground. 6. The process of integration into the host community: this is a concerted effort to develop the tourist effort in which the speech centers (economic, social, spatial, ecological urban) integration, control local, and self-development. A key factor is the importance of the local system in tourism surveys.
After a critical analysis of sectoral areas Cazes happened to deconstruct the concept of mass tourism, seeing it as a myth that is "other" or "anti-other," a place of potential harm. Thus, alternative tourism is actually a discourse on the difference and is fundamentally elitist, in fact, it is a total subversion of the dominant models in three levels.:
1. Values: suction motivations and requirements for travel.
2. Process: the quality of collaboration and partnership, cooperation and synergy between the performance of the local and external system in the different phases of the phenomenon.
3. Shapes: social forms, spatial, environmental and architectural guidelines are faithful to the integration based on the principles of traditional patterns of the region and the work.
Cazes, there is no perfect example of a perfect alternative tourism as described above, although the development of the Lower Casamance in Senegal is about. Furthermore, admits there are dangers to idealize the concept and points to the risk of ghettoization of "zones and locations" museumification "interest based on an elitist interpretation. A simple definition is proposed by Hitchcock, King and Parnwell (1993) in the introduction to his book published, suggesting that, in its purest form of alternative tourism is based on several principles:
• Must be built on dialogue with local people to be aware of its effects and have political influence on the issue.
• It must be set to sound environmental principles, sensitive to local culture and religious tradition.
• Must be a way to give the poor a fair and equitable benefit sharing.
• Scale of tourism must be adapted to the capacity of the treatment area, measured in aesthetic and ecological terms.
The authors also noted that alternative tourism can be used to strengthen the links between the tourism industry and other forms of local economic activity. They recognized that their promotion has led to the questioning of the effects of tourism on the destinations and the fact that the niche market is operating, warning of the possibility of developing green consumption. However, they were essentially optimistic, citing the case of ecotourism that can support the protection of vulnerable areas of natural beauty and scientific interest and to stimulate environmental awareness of the local population. Still on the theme of environmental and social awareness, in an article on tourism and sustainable development, Murphy (1994), using the proposed Krippendorf (1987) definition see other tourists as "those who seek to establish greater contact with the local population, try to do without tourism infrastructure and the use of these facilities and transportation and natives. he then define ecotourism (a subset of alternative tourism) as occurring when the visitor contributes to the development and protection of the ecology of the host. These tourists are considered champions of the environment and sustainable development, and Costa Rica is cited as a country where the principles support ecotourism philosophy of sustainable development. it follows from the definitions and illustrations of alternative tourism above, this concept is not easily contained within controlled parameters, and elsewhere, may be considered too large for be used with precision. In addition, in order Cazes, its antithesis, mass tourism is not sufficiently well understood for an alternative that is in fact valid. However, it is possible to recover the key aspects of the concept of the various authors, and these include the contact and communication between tourists and indigenous people, and a desire for equality, individuality, environmental awareness and concern. However, there is also a background of caution, some authors believe there is an element of elitism in this type of tourism, while others see it as being exploited as a commodity. Keep in mind the need to be cautious and skeptical imagine its impact. In addition, tourism is growing and the need for environmental responsibility, so that the need for an objective and comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon and its influence becomes more imperative.
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